Aging mechanisms and their relationship with the ontogenesis program: a narrative review

Salnikov, Lev*

AntiCA Biomed, San Diego, CA, USA

*Correspondence to: Lev Salnikov, MD, PhD, leosalnikov@gmail.com.

Abstract

The main challenge in understanding the mechanisms and causes of aging is that separating the consequences of aging from its causes is very difficult. This review presents our perspective on the underlying mechanisms of aging and their relationship with the process of ontogenesis. The present data show the discrimination of RNA production for the part of the genome responsible for the cellular infrastructure, which begins after fertility is reached. This discrimination is also present at the level of translation, as shown by evidence for age-related changes in the distribution between membrane-bound and free ribosomes in cells, where their number decreases with age. This review also provides an assessment of the useful information of hallmarks of aging in terms of their importance in understanding the mechanisms of aging. A direction for rejuvenation is presented, which follows from our understanding of aging mechanisms and leads to the idea of cellular autocloning, which is designed to stop aging. The principle of the proposed method is to initiate a periodic process of autocloning in the cell nucleus. In the process of such division, two daughter nuclei are formed, one of which is self-liquidated, leaving in the cell its renewed nucleus without physical division of the cell itself. This process, when started periodically, allows aging to be nullified or stopped at the “cellular age” when the process is initiated.

衰老机制及与个体发育过程的关系：叙述性综述

摘要

理解衰老机制和原因的主要挑战是很难将衰老的后果与原因分开。这篇综述介绍了对衰老的基本机制及其与个体发育过程的关系的看法。数据显示，在达到生育年龄后，负责细胞基础结构的基因组部分的 RNA 生产开始出现分化。这种变化也存在于翻译层面，有证据表明细胞中膜结合核糖体和游离核糖体之间的分布发生了与年龄相关的变化，核糖体的数量随着年龄的增长而减少。这篇综述还从衰老标志对了解衰老机制的重要性的角度，对衰老标志的可用信息进行了评估。根据对衰老机制的理解，提出了细胞自体克隆的概念，旨在阻止衰老。该方法的原理是在细胞核中启动一个周期性的自体分裂过程。在这种分裂过程中，会形成两个子核，其中一个子核会自行液化，在细胞中留下更新的细胞核，而细胞本身不会发生物理分裂。这一过程定期启动，可使衰老在启动时的 “细胞年龄 ”无效或停止。