Nanomaterials integrated with multiple technologies increase the diagnostic efficacy of biomarkers for neurological diseases: A narrative review

Jiaoyan Qiu1, *, Liang Tao1, 2, Ping Li3

1Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China;

2Qingdao Medical College of Qingdao University,

Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China;

3Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA

*Correspondence to: Jiaoyan Qiu, PhD, jyqiu123@163.com.

#Both authors contributed equally to this work and share first authorship.

Funding: This work was supported by the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (CPSF), No. GZC20251442; funding from the Postdoctoral Innovation Program of Shandong Province, No. SDCX-ZG-202502053; the Postdoctoral Program of Qingdao, No. QDBSH20250102148; and the“Clinical Medicine + X” Research Project-The Youth Project of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. QDFY+X2024211.

Nanomaterials have attracted attention in the field of neurological diseases due to the advantages of diversity, modifiability, biocompatibility, chemical stability, and thermal stability. This article reviews the mechanisms and properties of various nanomaterials, including quantum dots, magnetic nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, carbon-based nanomaterials, polymer nanoparticles, and nanocomposites. It also elucidates the research and application progress in biomarker detection for neurological diseases and bioimaging in the field of neural repair. In the field of neurobiomarker detection, nanomaterials can integrate multiple technical approaches to achieve highly sensitive and rapid biomarker detection, which significantly enhances experimental efficiency and the reliability of experimental results. In the fields of bioimaging and neural repair, nanomaterials can be

combined with fluorescent molecules to accelerate the real-time localization of lesions, improving their diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy. In addition, the use of nanomaterials integrated with tissue engineering scaffolds offer a novel approach for neural repair. At present, the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases are gradually shifting from a single-modal paradigm to a multimodal paradigm. This shift reflects the evolution of diagnostic detection methods from single detection methods to integrated multiple detection techniques. Artificial intelligence technologies have also been introduced for screening effective targets. When combined with nanomaterials, these technologies can enhance the efficacy of neurological disease diagnosis and treatment.

Key Words: biomarker; clinical applications; detection; diagnosis; interdisciplinary integration; mechanism; nanomaterials; neurological diseases; treatment